University of North Texas 
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Literacy Research
As artificial intelligence systems become embedded in classrooms, workplaces, and everyday decision-making, the ability to understand, evaluate, and responsibly engage with these technologies has emerged as an essential skillset for the modern landscape. AI literacy encompasses more than just technical know-how. It includes aspects like understanding how AI systems work at a conceptual level, recognizing their capabilities and limitations, critically evaluating their outputs, and grappling with the ethical, social, and civic implications of their use. Scholars and educators continue to debate how best to define, measure, and teach AI literacy, and the growing body of research reflects that ongoing effort to equip learners of all ages with the tools to navigate an AI-saturated world thoughtfully and critically.
Some Useful Videos for Learning More About AI Literacy
AI Literacy Scholarly Resources
DiPaola, D., Aidinoff, M., Marzilli, A., Berman, E., Champigny, M., Gundy, N., & Breazeal, C. (2024). AI literacy as civic literacy: A case study of the "AI and Human Rights" curriculum for middle school students. First Monday, 29(12).
Long, D., & Magerko, B. (2020). What is AI literacy? Competencies and design considerations. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1–16). Association for Computing Machinery.
Lund, B. D., & Teel, Z. A. (2026). AI literacy: An exercise in power-knowledge. arXiv.
Milberg, T. (2025). Why AI literacy is now a core competency in education. World Economic Forum.
Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. S. (2021). Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, Article 100041.
Pennsylvania State University. (2026). Penn State unified AI literacy framework.
Touretzky, D., Gardner-McCune, C., Martin, F., & Seehorn, D. (2019). Envisioning AI for K-12: What should every child know about AI? Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 33(01), 9795–9799.
Haenlein, M., & Kaplan, A. (2019). A brief history of artificial intelligence: On the past, present, and future of artificial intelligence. California Management Review, 61(4), 5–14.
Jordan, M. I., & Mitchell, T. M. (2015). Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science, 349(6245), 255–260.
Lu, Y. (2019). Artificial intelligence: A survey on evolution, models, applications and future trends. Journal of Management Analytics, 6(1), 1–29.
Makridakis, S. (2017). The forthcoming artificial intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms. Futures, 90, 46–60.
Wang, T., Lund, B. D., Marengo, A., Pagano, A., Mannuru, N. R., Teel, Z. A., & Pange, J. (2023). Exploring the potential impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on international students in higher education: Generative AI, chatbots, analytics, and international student success. Applied Sciences, 13(11), Article 6716
Bhat, M., & Long, D. (2024, July). Designing interactive explainable AI tools for algorithmic literacy and transparency. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (pp. 939–957). Association for Computing Machinery.
LaFlamme, K. A. (2025). Scaffolding AI literacy: An instructional model for academic librarianship. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 51(3), 103041.
Lund, B. D., Teel, Z. A., Porter, B., Chandrasekaran, A., & Patole, S. R. (2026). Explainable artificial intelligence as AI literacy scaffolding. Journal of Documentation, online first.
Zhang, H., Lee, I., Ali, S., DiPaola, D., Cheng, Y., & Breazeal, C. (2023). Integrating ethics and career futures with technical learning to promote AI literacy for middle school students: An exploratory study. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 33(2), 290–324.
Zhang, S., & Botelho, A. F. (2025). Scaffolding AI literacy through student-AI collaboration in chatbot development. Proceedings of the International Conference on Educational Data Mining, 18, Paper 256.
Bewersdorff, A., Hornberger, M., Nerdel, C., & Schiff, D. S. (2025). AI advocates and cautious critics: How AI attitudes, AI interest, use of AI, and AI literacy build university students' AI self-efficacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, Article 100340.
Hossain, Z., Biswas, M. S., & Khan, G. (2026). AI literacy of library and information science students: A study of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 58(1), 285–299.
Hughes, L., Malik, T., Dettmer, S., Al-Busaidi, A. S., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2025). Reimagining higher education: Navigating the challenges of generative AI adoption. Information Systems Frontiers, 1–23.
Lintner, T. (2024). A systematic review of AI literacy scales. NPJ Science of Learning, 9, Article 50.
Park, J. A., Kim, C. H., & Kim, H. J. (2025). AI literacy for safe deployment: Cross-national evidence on the interaction between talent and governance. Telecommunications Policy, 50(1), Article 103106.
Ravšelj, D., Keržič, D., Tomaževič, N., Umek, L., Brezovar, N., Iahad, N. A., ... Aristovnik, A. (2025). Higher education students' perceptions of ChatGPT: A global study of early reactions. PLoS ONE, 20(2), Article e0315011.
Rodway, P., & Schepman, A. (2023). The impact of adopting AI educational technologies on projected course satisfaction in university students. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 5, Article 100150.
Toker Gokce, A., Deveci Topal, A., Kolburan Geçer, A., & Dilek Eren, C. (2025). Investigating the level of artificial intelligence literacy of university students using decision trees. Education and Information Technologies, 30(5), 6765–6784.
AI Literacy Research Guides
The SALAMANDER project is funded through the generous support of the Institute of
Museum and Library Services, Grant Number RE-259543-OLS-26.
This resource guide was created by Dr. Brady Lund and graduate assistant Bryan Anderson.
Last Updated September 25, 2026.